Édouard-Alfred Martel
Édouard-Alfred Martel |
|
Born |
1 July 1859(1859-07-01)
Pontoise |
Died |
3 June 1938(1938-06-03) (aged 78)
Montbrison |
Known for |
Father of modern speleology |
Édouard-Alfred Martel (1 July 1859, Pontoise, Val-d'Oise – 3 June 1938, Montbrison), the 'father of modern speleology',[1] was a world pioneer of cave exploration, study, and documentation. Martel explored thousands of caves in his native France and many other countries, popularized the pursuit of cave exploration, introduced the concept of speleology as a distinct area of study, maintained an extensive archive, and in 1895 founded the Société de Spéléologie,[2] the first organization devoted to cave science in the world.
Amongst his exploits were:
- the exploration of the underground river of the Abîme de Bramabiau, France (1888);
- the descent and exploration of the Gouffre de Padirac, France (1889);
- the exploration of the Marble Arch Caves, Ireland (1895);
- the first complete descent of Gaping Gill, England (1895);
- a three-day visit to Mammoth Cave in Kentucky, in October 1912 including barometric determinations of the elevations of the cave's different levels.
Martel bought the Gouffre de Padirac, and turned it into a show cave.
Bibliography
Martel wrote many books and articles about speleology, hydrology and geology, of which most are listed here:[3][4]
Books
- Les Cévennes, Paris: Delagrave, 1890 , 400 p. (12 editions)
- Les Abîmes, Paris: Delagrave, 1894, ISBN 2-7348-0533-2 , 580 p. (10 editions)
- Le massif de la Bernina (in collaboration with Lorria, A.), Zürich: Orell, 1895 , 200 p.
- Irlande et cavernes anglaises, Paris: Delagrave, 1897 , 400 p.
- Le Trayas et L'Estérel, Paris: Delagrave, 1899 , 80 p.
- La Spéléologie, Paris: Carre et Naud, 1900 , 125 p.
- Le gouffre et la rivière souterraine de Padirac, Paris: Delagrave, 1901 , 180 p.
- La Photographie souterraine, Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1903 , 70 p.
- La spéléologie aux XXe siècle, Paris: Hermann, 1905 , 810 p.
- Le sol et l'eau – Traité d'hygiène (in collaboration with de Launay, Ogier and Bonjean), Paris: Baillere, 1906 , 486 p.
- L'évolution souterraine, Paris: Flammarion, 1908 , 388 p.
- La Côte d'azur russe: Riviera du Caucase, Paris: Delagrave, 1909 , 423 p.
- Les cavernes et les rivières souterraines de la Belgique (Van den Broeck, E, Martel, E.-A. and Rahir, Ed.), Bruxelles: Lamertin, 1910 , (2 vol.) 1800 p.
- Explications sur Mammoth Cave, 1914
- Nouveau Traité des eaux souterraines, Paris: Doin, 1921 , 840 p.
- Les causses et gorges du Tarn, Millau: Artieres et Maury, 1926 , 512 p.
- L'Aven Armand, Millau: Artieres et Maury, 1927 , 48 p.
- La France ignorée (2 vol.), Paris: Delagrave, 1928–1930 , 600 p.
- Les Grands Causses (Les Causses majeurs), Millau: Artières et Maury, 1936 , 510 p.
Articles
- "Le Cañon du Tarn", Annuaire du Club Alpin Français, 1883
- "Le Causse Noir et Montpellier-le-Vieux", Annuaire du Club Alpin Français, 1884
- "Sous Terre (8e campagne) Marble Arch, Irlande et Gaping Ghyll, Angleterre", Annuaire du Club Alpin Français 22: 1–39, 1885
- "Sous Terre", Annuaire du Club Alpin Français, 1888
- "Sur la température des cavernes", Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences 118: 615–617, 1894, http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3074r.image.hl.r=martel.f615.langEN
- "Sur le gouffre de Gaping-Ghyll (Angleterre)", Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences 122: 51–53, 1896, http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30780.image.r=martel.f53.langEN.hl
- "Sur quelques anomalies de la température des sources", Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences 122: 97–99, 1896, http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30780.image.hl.r=martel.f99.langEN
- "Sur des observations d'hiver dans les cavernes des Causses (Padirac, etc.)", Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences 122: 903–905, 1896, http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30780.image.hl.r=martel.f905.langEN
- "Sur les siphons des sources et des rivières souterraines", Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences 122: 1147–1150, 1896, http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30780.image.hl.r=martel.f1149.langEN
- "Sur la Cueva del Drach (Grotte du Dragon) dans l'île Majorque", Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences 124: 1385–1388, 1897, http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3080s.image.langEN.f1385
- "Sur l'hydrographie souterraine et les chouruns du Dévoluy (Hautes-Alpes)", Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences 124: 1170–1173, 1897, http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3080s.image.langEN.f1170
- "Sur la contamination de la source de Sauve (Gard)", Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences 125: 897–900, 1897, http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30813.image.hl.r=martel.langEN.f897
- Martel, É.-A.; Viré, A. (1897), "Sur l'aven Armand (Lozère) (profondeur 207 m)", Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences 125: 622–625, http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30813.image.r=martel.f622.langEN.hl
- "British Caves and Speleology", The Geographical Journal X (5): 500–511, 1897
- Spelunca (Paris) 74
See also
References
- ^ Kliebhan, Bernd, History of Cave Research: E. A. Martel 1859–1938, http://www.kliebhan.de/spelhist/mar/mar-eng.htm, retrieved 2009-04-04
- ^ "Brève histoire de la spéléologie" (in French), Histoire, Fédération Française de Spéléologie, http://ffspeleo.fr/article.php?rub_id=89, retrieved 2009-04-05
- ^ Publications from E. A. Martel, http://www.kliebhan.de/spelhist/mar/martel-7.htm, retrieved 2009-04-04
- ^ Schut, Pierre-Olaf (2006), "E. A. Martel, the traveller who almost became an Academician" (PDF), Acta Carsologica (Ljubljana) 35 (1): 149–157, http://carsologica.zrc-sazu.si/downloads/351/schut.pdf, retrieved 2009-04-05
Further reading
- André, Daniel et al. (1997), La Plume et les Gouffres
- André, Daniel; Gautier, Alain (1995), "La Societe de Speleologie", Spelunca 60: 11–18
- Casteret, Norbert (1943), E.-A. Martel, Explorateur du Monde Souterrain, Paris: Gallimard
- Chabert, Claude; Courval, Michel de (1971), E. A. Martel 1859–1938
- Kliebhan, Bernd (1999), "The contribution of E.A. MARTEL (1859–1938) to the development of caving technique", Mitt. Verb.dt.Höhlen- u. Karstforsch. Jg. 45 (2), http://www.kliebhan.de/spelhist/mar/eam-contrib.html
- N. N. (1947), "Edouard Alfred Martel (1859–1938)", Yorkshire Ramblers Club Journal VII (24): 104–117
- Shaw, Trevor (1992), "E. A. Martel", History of Cave Science (2 ed.), Sydney, pp. 48–51
External links
Persondata |
Name |
Martel, Édouard-Alfred |
Alternative names |
|
Short description |
|
Date of birth |
1859-7-1 |
Place of birth |
Pontoise |
Date of death |
1938-6-3 |
Place of death |
Montbrison |